
	NATIVE AMERICANS Military Why does the military service of Native Americans continue to be an invisible history?

Native Americans in the Military

Research compiled by: Ziggy I., Tyreek C., Jordan W.

Military

Do you know about Native Americans in the military? A proportionally large percentage of Native Americans have served. Today 1.4% of the population of the United States is Native American. However, 1.7% of all active duty servicemen are Native American. Some Native Americans faced discrimination while serving in the US military. Other members of the military mocked the Native Americans by calling them Chief and making them do rain dances. Although Native society honors veterans, their history is invisible to many Americans. There are very few monuments and written histories of Native American veterans. Here at this site you will learn about the veteran pow-wow, code talker Walter C. John, and Col. Tom Brewer.

2014 UmonHon Pow-wow

On July 12, 2014, in Carter Lake a pow-wow took place. This pow-wow has been going on now for 4 to 5 years and it honors veterans. UmonHon Veterans Association would like to keep this pow-wow going on for a long time.

Most traditional pow-wows start with a grand opening. If a veteran is present, they will carry the eagle staff and flags. Once the staff enters with the flags, then it is the dancers turn to enter. The order of the dancer are head dancers, men's traditional, men's grass dance, men's fancy, women's traditional, women's jingle and women's fancy. Teens and kids would line up in the same order. Master of Ceremonies would invite all people to come and dance. If you ever go to a Pow-wow the drums will be in the middle of the arena, although most pow-wows would not do this, the UmonHon believe that the drum beats represents the heart of a human. There are 7 people to a drum. The head drummer would face the Master of Ceremonies then his second drummer would be on the left hand of him instead of right. The drummers are also the singers of the pow-wow.

Code Talker Medal of Honor

Silver and gold medals such as the one shown below were awarded to the Santee Sioux code talkers. The gold medals they were awarded are kept at the Smithsonian and silver medals were awarded to individual veterans who fought in the Armed Forces as code talkers. On November 20, 2013, thirty-three different tribes were awarded these medals. Due to the secret nature of their work, it has taken roughly 65 years to recognize these Native American veterans of World War II.

One of the winners of this medal was Walter C. John. Born in 1920 in Santee, Nebraska, John was a member of the Santee Sioux Nation. He entered the United States Army on October 15, 1941, and served in World War II. He was a member of the First Cavalry Division and fought in the Bismark Archipelago, New Guinea, and the Southern Philippines. John was a Santee Sioux code talker and used his native language to help guide his fellow soldiers. Code talkers like John, speaking in their native languages, were able to relay secret message by radio between U.S. troops. The Japanese and German translators were unable to understand their languages and the communications were safely delivered without enemy interception. Having been sworn to secrecy by the Army, Walter C. John never told his family about his work as a code talker. Only after he died did his family learn fully of his heroism and his work as a code talker. In 2013, Walter John's family received on his behalf the Congressional Medal of Honor for his service in World War II. He received the silver Medal of Honor and his tribe, the Santee Sioux, received the gold Medal of Honor.

(Medal Photos Courtesy of US Mint, Photo of Walter C. John Courtesy of The Sioux City Journal, accessed 12/5/18)

Colonel Thomas Brewer

Col. Tom Brewer was born in 1958. He is the oldest of Alice DeWolf, a member of the Oglala Sioux tribe, and Ross Brewer, who served in the Korean War (1950-1953). Tom Brewer grew up on a farm near Gordon, Nebraska and graduated from Gordon High School in 1977. In the same year he joined the Nebraska National Guard. Brewer served as a volunteer firefighter in Murdock. Tom Brewer served in Operation Desert Storm in 1990 and in Afghanistan in the 2000s. While serving with the 10th Mountain Division and 3rd Sprecial Forces Group in Afghanistan, he was shot six times during the 45 minute fire fight. During another tour in Afghanistan in 2011 he was wounded by a rocket propelled grenade. After retirement Brewer became active in politics.

(Photo Courtesy of the Nebraska State Historical Society)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Native Americans have a long and rich history of service in the United States military. In the modern era Native Americans have seen duty in every U.S. conflict from World War I to the current engagement in Afghanistan. A variety of factors pulled indigenous veterans towards service, including cultural, educational, and economic factors. Although they have represented a relatively small percentage of the U.S. population, they have served in comparatively large numbers. Despite their impressive record of service, the modern history of Native Americans in the U.S. military remains relatively hidden. In popular memory Indigenous servicemen are remembered as code talkers, yet they have played various roles in the military. There are also few stories and no monuments attesting to their sacrifice. In Omaha specifically and Nebraska generally the story of Indigenous servicemen remains a truly invisible history.

In modern history Native Americans have served in disproportionately large numbers in the U.S. military. In 2012 Native Americans represented only 1.4 percent of the population; however they constituted approximately 1.7 percent of the population for the U.S. military. This disproportionately large Native presence in the military is not a recent phenomenon. Although the United States government did not grant them citizenship until 1924, some 12,000 Native Americans volunteered for service in the First World War. During the Second World War over 44,000 (out of a population of roughly 350,000) Native Americans served, with 99 percent of all eligible Indigenous men registered for the draft by 1942. Another 10,000 Native Americans served in the Korean War, and during the "Vietnam War, 90 percent of the more than 42,000 Natives who served in the military during that conflict were volunteers."

As these statistics demonstrate, a relatively large number of Native Americans voluntarily served in the United States military, yet what inspired them to fight for a government that had historically brutalized their people? The persistence of strong warrior society answers part of that question. According to Robert Holden, the deputy director of the National Congress of American Indians, "it's the warrior cultures. Warriors have always been in our presence and always will be... not only in times of conflict, but in times of peace as well. They became the leaders." Economic and educational opportunities have also drawn Indigenous peoples to military service. The GI Bill, which was created in the wake of World War II and provides post-secondary education in exchange for military service, has acted as a draw for many Native Americans seeking to gain an education and escape the poverty that plagues their society.

The most prominent narrative of modern Indigenous service is that of the code talkers, particularly that of the Navajo code talkers. However, Native American servicemen filled a number of roles in the U.S. military often during the same tour. For example, during World War II Nebraska's Hollis Stabler was assigned to the 2nd Armored Division, 67th Armored Regiment and became a crew member of a an M3 Stuart tank. He remained with his tank unit throughout the campaigns in North Africa and the invasion of Sicily, but later joined the Army Rangers as a radio operator during the invasion of Italy at Anzio. During the invasion Stabler was wounded and received the Purple Heart. He later became a member of the 1st Special Service Force and participated in the invasion of southern France. Stabler represents a counter narrative to that of the code talker due to the fact that he was not a code talker and filled a number roles while in the military.

While constructing our project it became increasingly evident how hidden the history of Native American military service in Nebraska remains. Many of the newspaper articles our students found were obituaries that detailed the experiences of veterans second-hand. It was only in the last three decades and after these Indigenous veterans had passed that the dominant culture noticed their history. Literary accounts of Nebraska's Native veterans are little better. There are a number of histories that cover the Native American military experience generally in the twentieth century, but there is no history of Nebraska's Indigenous veterans, and memoirs such as Holls Stabler's are still rather rare.

This is not an absence solely in written accounts; there are few spaces dedicated to Nebraska's Indigenous veterans. In creating their projects, the students wrote about the historical significance of a space in relation to their topic, yet as we began searching in the Omaha area no spaces became apparent. There is no monument dedicated to Omaha or the region's Indigenous veterans, and we were unable to find less visible locations related to this history. The students ultimately attended the Umon Han Veterans Association powwow at Carter Lake and used the grounds as their historical space since it is owned by the Umon Han tribe. However, we would not have known about the powwow had it not been for the help of local Native American veteran Steve Tomayo. Without Mr. Tomayo's help our group might have been unable to find a space related to our subject. Just as Nebraska's Native American veterans are absent from the written record, there are not spatial markers attesting to their service. For many of Nebraska's Indigenous veterans the spaces in which they live fail to speak to their history of service and sacrifice.

For more information see:

Bernstein, Alison R. American Indians and World War II. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

Britten, Thomas A. American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997)

Holm, Tom. Strong Hearts Wounded Sould: Native American Veterans of the Vietnam War (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999)

Lemay, Konnie. "A Brief History of American Indian Military Service." Indian Country Today. March 28, 2012. https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/05/28/brief-history-american-indian-military-service-115318

Stabler, Hollis. No One Ever Asked Me: The World War II Memoirs of an Omaha Indian Soldier. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005).

Student Reflections

I learned about how Native Americans faced & are facing discrimination. Like the veterans we interviewed Richard Barea said they called him chief and Owen said they said "Go out there and to the rain dance." The best part of this camp were the interviews. Plus the work we did helped us understand Native American culture and we get an elective credit for high school.

— Tyreek C.

I have a better understanding of native people that are not in the history books. I have a different thought on the Indain mascots and how some tribes like to have their tribe as a mascot and others do not. I also met veterans who told me stories about when they were in combat.

— Ziggy I.

I thought that this program was going to be boring & it turned out to be fun and educational.

We got to go out of town and go to Lincoln, the capitol of Nebraska. We had a lot of special guests including, Jerome Kill Small and Patrick Jones as guest speakers. This program is a great way to learn about different heritages, cultures and to have fun!

— Jordan W.